1.確定股東

1. Determine shareholders

確定公司內部的各種角色及分工，包括創始人、合伙人、核心員工、投資人等。

Identify various roles and divisions within the company, including founders, partners, core employees, investors, etc.

2.確定公司主體

2. Determine the company entity

明確公司的類型、業務范圍、發展方向等。明確企業的類型，是有限責任公司還是股份有限公司。這兩種類型在股權結構及要求上存在顯著差異。有限責任公司股東人數受限、股權流轉受限，而股份有限公司則股份等額劃分且轉讓相對自由。根據企業類型，確定股東結構，包括股東數量、身份和持股比例等。

Clearly define the type, business scope, and development direction of the company. Clarify the type of enterprise, whether it is a limited liability company or a joint-stock limited company. There are significant differences between these two types in terms of equity structure and requirements. Limited liability companies have limited shareholder numbers and restricted equity transfers, while joint stock limited companies have equal share allocation and relatively free transfer. Determine the shareholder structure based on the type of enterprise, including the number, identity, and shareholding ratio of shareholders.

3.確定股權比例和控制權設置

3. Determine the equity ratio and control rights setting

根據每個股東的資金投入、技術貢獻、市場開拓能力、管理經驗等因素，綜合評估其對公司的重要性和貢獻，合理分配股權。確保創始人作為實際控制人持有大股，以保證公司治理的穩定性。一般來說，資金多、貢獻大、經驗豐富者往往占股多，但需全面權衡，保障公平合理。但小股東也可通過投票協議、特別股權等方式獲取一定的控制權。

Based on factors such as capital investment, technological contribution, market development ability, and management experience of each shareholder, comprehensively evaluate their importance and contribution to the company, and allocate equity reasonably. Ensure that the founder holds a large stake as the actual controller to ensure the stability of corporate governance. Generally speaking, those with more funds, greater contributions, and extensive experience often hold more shares, but a comprehensive balance needs to be made to ensure fairness and reasonableness. But small shareholders can also obtain certain control rights through voting agreements, special equity, and other means.

4.制定分配原則和同股不同權規則

4. Develop distribution principles and rules for equal shares but different rights

根據股東的貢獻和重要性，制定股權分配原則。如果存在不同類別的股東，如資金股、技術股等，需要制定同股不同權的規則。例如，京東的股權設計采用了雙重股權結構模式，普通股被分為A類和B類兩種不同類型的股票，并賦予它們不同的投票權。通過這種設計，即便劉強東及其團隊的持股比例不高，他們也能在表決權上占據絕對優勢，從而有效控制公司。根據有關數據，截至2024年3月31日，劉強東通過Max Smart Limited持有京東約10.7%的股權，同時通過員工持股平臺Fortune Rising Holdings Limited控制約0.6%的股權，總計控制京東約11.2%的股權。然而，得益于雙重股權結構，劉強東擁有高達66.7%（或根據不同時期數據有所波動）的投票權，從而實現對京東的強有力控制。

Develop equity distribution principles based on the contributions and importance of shareholders. If there are different categories of shareholders, such as capital stocks, technology stocks, etc., it is necessary to establish rules for different rights for the same stock. For example, JD's equity design adopts a dual class equity structure model, where common stocks are divided into two different types: Class A and Class B, and are granted different voting rights. Through this design, even if Liu Qiangdong and his team's shareholding ratio is not high, they can still have an absolute advantage in voting rights and effectively control the company. According to relevant data, as of March 31, 2024, Liu Qiangdong holds approximately 10.7% of the equity of JD.com through Max Smart Limited, and also controls approximately 0.6% of the equity through the employee stock ownership platform Fortune Rising Holdings Limited, totaling approximately 11.2% of the equity of JD.com. However, thanks to the dual class ownership structure, Liu Qiangdong holds up to 66.7% (or fluctuates according to data from different periods) of voting rights, thereby achieving strong control over JD.com.

5.制定股東協議

5. Develop a shareholder agreement

股東協議應明確股東的權利、義務、分紅機制、退出機制等，以避免后續糾紛。不管最終采用何種股權比例設計方案，都務必通過書面協議清晰、詳細地約定好各方面內容，包括股權比例、各股東權利義務、決策機制等關鍵事項。這可有效避免后續可能出現的糾紛，為企業穩定運營、股東友好合作筑牢法律基礎。

The shareholder agreement should specify the rights, obligations, dividend mechanism, exit mechanism, etc. of shareholders to avoid subsequent disputes. No matter what equity ratio design scheme is ultimately adopted, it is necessary to clearly and detailedly stipulate all aspects through a written agreement, including key issues such as equity ratio, shareholder rights and obligations, decision-making mechanism, etc. This can effectively avoid potential disputes in the future and lay a legal foundation for stable operation of the enterprise and friendly cooperation among shareholders.

6.執行與調整

6. Execution and Adjustment

股權設計不是一成不變的，而是一個在發展中不斷完善的過程。隨著企業的成長和發展，股權結構可能需要適時調整。因此，要保持一定的靈活性，根據企業的實際情況和目標來制定和調整股權結構。

Equity design is not static, but a process of continuous improvement in development. As the enterprise grows and develops, the equity structure may need to be adjusted in a timely manner. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a certain degree of flexibility and formulate and adjust the equity structure according to the actual situation and goals of the enterprise.

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